Japanese animation, anime, has long been
regarded as a niche culture reserved for anime otaku in Japan. The
word anime otaku refers to individuals who spend most of their time
alone at home, watching anime. However, in recent years,
prototypical anime otaku have changed their behavioral patterns,
resulting in a new movement called anime pilgrimage. Anime
pilgrimage involves traveling to locations that resemble particular
scenes in anime pieces, even though the locations themselves may be
ordinary places. The authors constructed two models to describe the
determinants of visit intention and destination loyalty based on
research into ordinary and film tourism. The results suggested that,
during the pre-tour period, otaku are motivated by the desire for
interaction with other otaku and the wish to visit a new location.
Moreover, they are also seeking to interact with the local people,
and such experiences result in higher destination loyalty during the
post-tour period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights
reserved)
Retrospective or post hoc power analysis is
recommended by reviewers and editors of many journals. Little
literature has been found that gave a serious study of the post hoc
power. When the sample size is large, the observed effect size is a
good estimator of the true effect size. One would hope that the post
hoc power is also a good estimator of the true power. This article
studies whether such a power estimator provides valuable information
about the true power. Using analytical, numerical, and Monte Carlo
approaches, our results show that the estimated power does not
provide useful information when the true power is small. It is
almost always a biased estimator of the true power. The bias can be
negative or positive. Large sample size alone does not guarantee the
post hoc power to be a good estimator of the true power. Actually,
when the population variance is known, the cumulative distribution
function of the post hoc power is solely a function of the
population power. This distribution is uniform when the true power
equals 0.5 and highly skewed when the true power is near 0 or 1.
When the population variance is unknown, the post hoc power behaves
essentially the same as when the variance is known. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
One possible reason for the continued neglect
of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences
is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material.
A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required
sample sizes is provided. Effect-size indexes and conventional
values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium,
and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to
detect effects at these levels are tabled for 8 standard statistical
tests: (1) the difference between independent means, (2) the
significance of a product–moment correlation, (3) the difference
between independent rs, (4) the sign test, (5) the difference
between independent proportions, (6) chi-square tests for goodness
of fit and contingency tables, (7) 1-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and (8) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial
correlation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights
reserved)
This article reports the development and
validation of a 10-item international Positive and Negative Affect
Schedule (PANAS) Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) in English. A qualitative
study (N = 18) and then an exploratory quantitative study (N = 407),
each using informants from a range of cultural backgrounds, were
used to identify systematically which 10 of the original 20 PANAS
items to retain or remove. A same-sample retest study (N = 163) was
used in an initial examination of the new 10-item international
PANAS's psychometric properties and to assess its correlation with
the full, 20-item, original PANAS. In a series of further validation
studies (N = 1,789), the cross-sample stability, internal
reliability, temporal stability, cross-cultural factorial
invariance, and convergent and criterion-related validities of the
I-PANAS-SF were examined and found to be psychometrically
acceptable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights
reserved)
In recent studies of the structure of affect,
positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two
dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood
scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many
existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor
convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable
and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also
brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales
that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The
scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely
uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time
period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of
convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also
presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights
reserved)